Notes from Underground is a philosophical novel that explores human existence and free will, widely regarded as a precursor to existentialist literature. The unnamed Underground Man is a contradictory figure who despises society and human relationships while simultaneously craving recognition.
Part I: Underground consists of the protagonist’s monologue, where he rejects rationalist views and Enlightenment ideals, arguing that humans are driven not only by logic but also by emotions and rebellion.
Part II: A Propos of the Wet Snow shifts to his past experiences, illustrating his social failures and growing isolation. He seeks validation from former schoolmates but ends up feeling even more alienated. He later meets Liza, a young prostitute, and attempts to “save” her, yet ultimately humiliates her and falls further into self-destruction. Instead of finding redemption, he deepens his misery, reinforcing his detachment from society.
This novel delves into themes of free will, self-contradiction, and existential alienation, leaving a lasting impact on existentialist literature.