The first part raises fundamental questions about evolution and critiques the prevailing teleological views of Butler’s time. It examines Paley and the theologians, highlighting the failure of early evolutionists to recognize the teleological nature of their own arguments. The “Philosophy of the Unconscious” is introduced as an attempt to reconcile evolution with purpose. Butler then provides a historical sketch, focusing on pre-Buffonian thinkers and an in-depth analysis of Buffon’s life, style, and theories. Through this exploration, he uncovers the diverse causes proposed for species transformation and the complexities of early evolutionary thought.