Part 2 covers the Reformation, the age of Mary Stuart, the reign of James VI, the Union of the Crowns, religious struggles under Charles I, civil conflict, the Restoration, the Glorious Revolution, the Union with England, and the final Jacobite Rising. As Scotland moved from an independent kingdom toward integration within Britain, it experienced profound political and religious transformations, while tensions between Highlands and Lowlands remained a recurring theme. The section concludes with the collapse of the Jacobite cause and the emergence of modern Scotland.